Conversion

* Conversion: this process is also known as zero-derivation.

This process changes the part of speech and meaning of an existing root without producing any change in pronunciation or spelling and without adding any affix.

* Process where by an item is adopted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.

Conversion to noun:

de- verbal:'state' love, want, desire

'event/activity' laugh, fall, search

'object of V' answer, find

De-adjectival: there is no very productive pattern of adjective-noun conversion.

Examples:

I'd like two pints of bitter [=type of beer].

They're running in the final [=final race].

Conversion to verb:

De- nominal:'to put in/on N' bottle, garage

'to give N','to provide with N' coat, mask, oil, plaster

'to send/go by N' mail, telegraph, bicycle, boat

De-adjectival: (transitive verbs) 'to make adj'

or 'to make more adj' calm, dry, dirty

(intransitive verbs) 'to become adj' empty, narrow, yellow

Conversion to adjective:

De- nominal: a brick garage ~ the garage is brick

reproduction furniture ~ this furniture is reproduction
p>Types of Conversion

* From Verb to Noun

to attack à attack

to hope à hope

to cover à cover

* From Noun to Verb

comb à to comb

sand à to sand

party à to party

* From Name to Verb

Harpo à to Harpo

Houdini à to Houdini

* From Adjective to Verb

dirty à to dirty

slow à to slow

* From Preposition to Verb

out à to out

In some cases, conversion is accompanied by a change in the stress pattern known as stress shift.

transpórt (V) à tránsport (N)

rewríte (V) à réwrite (N)

condúct (V) à cónduct (N)

subjéct (V) à súbject (N)

Examples:

I need someone to come to the blackboard.

Is there a volunteer?

Someone has to volunteer.

Otherwise, I will volunteer someone.

Reference:

http://qiru.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/morphology-conversion.html

Proverb and idiom

An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning of its own that cannot be understood from the meanings of its individual words.

Here are some examples of idioms:

to be fed up with means to be tired and annoyed with something that has been happening for too long

to rub someone the wrong way means to irritate someone

by the skin of your teeth means that something was successful, but only just barely. “She passed the test by the skin of her teeth” means she almost didn’t pass.

A proverb is a short popular saying that gives advice about how people should behave or that expresses a belief that is generally thought to be true.

Here are some examples:

Don’t cry over spilled milk.

Those who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

A stitch in time saves nine.

Like idioms, proverbs often have a meaning that is greater than the meaning of the individual words put together, but in a different way than idioms.

The literal meaning of an idiom usually doesn’t make sense, and idioms can be almost impossible to understand unless you have learned or heard them before.

The literal meaning of a proverb such as “Don’t cry over spilled milk” does makes sense on its own, but it’s not until you apply this meaning to a broader set of situations that you understand the real point of the proverb.

For example, “Don’t cry over spilled milk” means “Don’t get upset over something that has already been done.

It’s too late to worry about it now, just get on with your life.

References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpRjtiisJ5M

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/qa/what-s-the-difference-between-idioms-and-proverbs

Homonym,homophones and homographs

HOMONYMS HOMOPHONES HOMOGRAPHS

Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.

A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

The driver turned left (opposite of right) and left (departed from) the main road.

Homophones, also known as sound alike words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have different spellings and meanings.

These words are a very common source of confusion when writing.

Common examples of sets of homophones include: to, too, and two; they're and their; bee and be; sun and son; which and witch; and plain and plane.

Vocabulary Spelling City is a particularly useful tool for learning to correctly use and spell the sound alike words.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings and different pronunciations.

Some examples of homographs are:

bass as in fish vs bass as in music,

bow as in arrow vs bow as in bending or taking a bow at the end of a performance,

close as in next to vs close as in shut the door,

desert as in dry climate vs desert as in leaving alone.

Currently, Vocabulary Spelling City cannot distinguish between homographs, as we are unable to have two pronunciations for the exact same word.

We are looking for possibilities in the future.

A HOMONYM IS ONE OF A GROUP OF WORDS THAT SHARE THE SAME SPELLING AND THE SAME PRONUNCIATION BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

THIS USUALLY HAPPENS AS A RESULT OF THE TWO WORDS HAVING DIFFERENT ORIGINS.

THE STATE OF BEING A HOMONYM IS CALLED HOMONYMY.

A HOMOPHONE IS A WORD THAT IS PRONOUNCED THE SAME AS ANOTHER WORD BUT DIFFERS IN MEANING.

THE WORDS MAY BE SPELLED THE SAME, SUCH AS ROSE (FLOWER) AND ROSE (PAST TENSE OF "RISE"), OR DIFFERENTLY, SUCH AS CARAT, CARET, AND CARROT, OR TO, TWO AND TOO.

ALL HOMONYMS ARE HOMOPHONES BECAUSE THEY SOUND THE SAME. HOWEVER, NOT ALL HOMOPHONES ARE HOMONYMS.

HOMOPHONES WITH DIFFERENT SPELLINGS ARE NOT HOMONYMS.

* "ADVOCATE" CAN BE PRONOUNCED WITH A LONG "A" SOUND AND MEAN “TO SPEAK OR WRITE IN SUPPORT OF”

* "ADVOCATE" CAMN ALSO BE PRONOUNCED WITH A SHORT "A" SOUND AND REFER TO A PERSON WHO SUPPORTS OR PLEADS THE CAUSE OF ANOTHER.

HOMOGRAPH - “GRAPH” HAS TO DO WITH WRITING OR DRAWING.

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT A GRAPH, YOU ENVISION A PICTURE.

IF YOU READ GRAPHIC NOVELS, YOU KNOW THEY HAVE PICTURES.

SOMEONE DREW THEM. SO “HOMOGRAPH” MEANS “SAME PICTURE” OR “SAME WRITING.”

HOMOGRAPHS ARE WRITTEN (SPELLED) THE SAME.

HOMOPHONE - “PHONE” HAS TO DO WITH SOUND. WHEN YOU TALK ON THE TELEPHONE, YOU HEAR THE OTHER PERSON’S VOICE.

WHEN PEOPLE IN THE 1800S USED A GRAMOPHONE, THEY WERE LISTENING TO MUSIC.

AND PHONOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF A LANGUAGE’S SOUNDS.

SO “HOMOPHONE” MEANS “SAME SOUND.”

HOMOPHONES ARE PRONOUNCED THE SAME.

HOMONYM - “NYM” MEANS “NAME.”

STEVIE NICKS AND STEVIE WONDER HAVE THE SAME FIRST NAME, BUT THEY CLEARLY ARE DIFFERENT PEOPLE.

IT’S THE SAME WITH HOMONYMS.

THEY’RE SPELLED THE SAME (HOMOGRAPHS) AND PRONOUNCED THE SAME (HOMOPHONES), BUT THEY HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

“BOW,” FOR EXAMPLE, MEANS BOTH “TO BEND AT THE WAIST” AND “THE FRONT OF A BOAT.”

Reference:

http://conceptsinsemantics.weebly.com/homograph-homonymy-homophones.html

Polysemy

I. Polysemy

Polysemy is the existence of several meanings for a single word or phrase.

The word polysemy comes from the Greek words πολυ-, poly-, “many” and σήμα, sêma, “sign”.

In other words it is the capacity for a word, phrase, or sign to have multiple meanings i.e., a large semantic field.

Polysemy is a pivotal concept within the humanities, such as media studies and linguistics.

A word like walk is polysemous:

1. I went walking this morning

2. We went for a walk last Sunday

3. Do you walk the dog every day?

4. I live near Meadow Walk Drive

5. The wardrobe is too heavy to lift; we’ll have to walk it into the bedroom (move a large object by rocking).

6. She walks the tower (to haunt a place as a ghost).

7. The workers threatened to walk (to go on strike).

8. Walk with God! (to live your life in a particular way)

Reference

http://www.afv.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:polysemy-a-homonymy&catid=121:miscellaneous&Itemid=352

Antonomasia

Onomatopoeia

Bam! Beep! Zoom! Buzz! Bang! It is a delight to study Onomatopoeia which defines words that imitate the regular sound related to an act or entity.

Onomatopoeia is funny sounding words that are easily picked up by students.

Students may use these words which sound like the very thing being named or written about. The pronunciation to the actual sound represented is very close to the sound depicted.

'Slap,' for example, not only means the sound that is made by hitting skin, but also the action of hitting someone on the face with a hand, similarly 'twitter' is more than just the sound birds make.

What is Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, a poetic arrangement of words to convey how something sounds. It imitates the natural sounds of an action involved. When an action is named by replicating the sound related with it, is known as onomatopoeia. An example of onomatopoeia would be, “Cock-a-doodle-do, crowed the rooster.” Onomatopoeia is the creation of a word from a sound allied with what is named. For example, onomatopoeia is the pop of a balloon, the tweet of a bird, the whispering of the forest trees, or hum of a thousand bees.Onomatopoeia gives a rhetorical effect to words used.

Examples:

•'Rustle' is the action of somebody moving papers around and causing them to brush together but it also indicates the, sound of papers brushing together, thus making this noise. •'Whisper' not only signifies the sound of people talking quietly, but also defines the action of people talking softly.

Examples of Onomatopoeia

The following examples have been clustered according to their use.

Words Related to the Voice – Sounds that come from behind the throat starts with a gr- sound however sounds that originate from the mouth over the lips, teeth and tongue tend to begin with mu-.

Example:

growl	belch	chatter	mumble	grunt
blurt	giggle	bawl	gurgle	murmur

Words related to Water – Words related to water usually begin with sp- or dr-. Words that specify a lesser sum of liquid often end in -le such as sprinkle/drizzle.

Example:

growl	belch	chatter	mumble	grunt
blurt	giggle	bawl	gurgle	murmur

Words Related to Air – they describe the sounds of air gusting through things or of things rushing and blowing through the air.

Example:

fwoosh	flutter	swoosh	whoosh	whisper	whip
fisst	gasp	swish	whiff	whizz	puff

Animals Sounds – Animals speak a different language too, depending on where the chicken is from for instance, she might bok-bok, cluck-cluck, kot-kot, tok-tok, or cotcotcodet.

Example:

baa	chirp	meow	chortle	cluck	bow-wow
oink	buzz	tweet	cheep	hiss	moo
purr	ribbit	bray	quack	bark	neigh
cuckoo	warble	cock-a-diddle-doo	woof	yap	roar
growl	snarl	chirp	squeak	howl	twitter
chirp	hoot	hum	gibber	hee-haw	trumpet

Words Related to Collisions – can occur between two or more objects.

Sounds that begin with cl- frequently indicate collisions between metal, steel, crystal or glass objects, words that end in -ng are sounds that resonate.

Words that begin with th- generally define dull sounds like soft but heavy things hitting wood or earth.

Example:

bam	clink	jingle	ding	bang
whomp	clang	clap	clank	thud
clatter	boom	thump	wham	click
slap	smack	crash	slam	screech

Miscellaneous Examples – Onomatopoeia can be found in literature, prose, poetry, songs, jingles and advertisements.

Consider the following examples of onomatopoeia:

bing	mutter	rattle	ping	boom	creak	rip
rush	beep	creak	fizz	throb	sip	honk
purr	bash	eeeyouch	ahem	crackle	sloshes	pop
shriek	awww	knock	yelp	woo-hoo	sneer	Huh
slobber	pong	achoo	phwew	snort	Ah-ooh-ga	ding
moan	sizzle	rat-a-tat	achoo	yawn	cough	vroom
drum	dong	click	hiccup	cricket	gobble	zoom

>Benefits of using Onomatopoeia

Learning Onomatopoeia allows students to discover within themselves the enjoyment they can achieve as they learn the subject.

It helps a child to think creatively and become more knowledgeable.

Mentioned below are few benefits of using Onomatopoeia:

1. Sound words will be read with the objects related.

2. Students use their imaginings and imitate sounds for things.

3. The will be melodically prone with sounds words and use them to sing songs.

4. They will improve their Listening skills and attentively hear indoor and outdoor sounds.

5. Students will take part and use musical sounds in poems.

6. It helps students define sound on their own and list quite a few objects that make sounds.

7. Helps students to be imaginative, unique and creative.

8. Students will become familiar with the vocal organs, the vocal and produce speech sounds. Reference http://english.tutorvista.com/literary-response/onomatopoeia.html

Metonymy and synecdoche

Metonymy – is a RELATED object Synecdoche is a PART of the SAME object

My mommy is related to me (metonymy), but my sin is a part of me (synecdoche).

My neck is a part of me, but Tony and I are only related.

Synecdoche: using a part of something to represent a whole

Example: All hands on deck.

Metonymy: refer to something closely related to the object, instead of saying the actual subject

Example: The White House answered its critics.

Examples of Metonymy

This statement includes two examples of metonymy:

“The pen is mightier than the sword.” In the oft-quoted phrase, "the pen" refers to the the written word, which, according to the statement, is a more effective and powerful instrument of change than "the sword," which represents military or physical force. When students say they study “Shakespeare,” they generally do not refer to a study of the man himself, but of his literary works. When we use the term “the press,” we are referring to journalists, not to the actual printing press that produces their work. Part of a Whole All poodles are dogs, but not all dogs are poodles. All synecdoche is metonymy, but not vice versa. Synecdoche is a special form of metonymy in which the object or idea used to describe something larger is actually a part or a component of the larger idea. This device may also be used when a smaller group is used to reference a larger group with which it is a part. “Hollywood” refers to the entire American movie making industry, not the suburb that was named “Hollywood.”

Examples of Synecdoche:

“I got a new set of wheels” usually means, “I bought a new car,” of which wheels are a part.

“Boots” can refer to “soldiers,” and “sails” to an entire ship. A specific brand of a product often comes to be used to describe a larger category.

“Coke” is sometimes used to describe all colas,

“Band-Aid” to describe any small adhesive bandage, and "Kleenex” to refer to any facial tissue. In "The Face that Launched a Thousand Ships," poet Christopher Marlowe writes, "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships, / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?" The entire Greek military is represented by a part, "a thousand ships," while "the towers" represent the entire city and culture of Troy, and Helen's "face" is a part of her body that refers to her physical beauty as a whole.

References:

http://slideplayer.com/slide/8495783/

http://classroom.synonym.com/examples-metonymy-synecdoche-22055.html