Metonymy and synecdoche

Metonymy – is a RELATED object Synecdoche is a PART of the SAME object

My mommy is related to me (metonymy), but my sin is a part of me (synecdoche).

My neck is a part of me, but Tony and I are only related.

Synecdoche: using a part of something to represent a whole

Example: All hands on deck.

Metonymy: refer to something closely related to the object, instead of saying the actual subject

Example: The White House answered its critics.

Examples of Metonymy

This statement includes two examples of metonymy:

“The pen is mightier than the sword.” In the oft-quoted phrase, "the pen" refers to the the written word, which, according to the statement, is a more effective and powerful instrument of change than "the sword," which represents military or physical force. When students say they study “Shakespeare,” they generally do not refer to a study of the man himself, but of his literary works. When we use the term “the press,” we are referring to journalists, not to the actual printing press that produces their work. Part of a Whole All poodles are dogs, but not all dogs are poodles. All synecdoche is metonymy, but not vice versa. Synecdoche is a special form of metonymy in which the object or idea used to describe something larger is actually a part or a component of the larger idea. This device may also be used when a smaller group is used to reference a larger group with which it is a part. “Hollywood” refers to the entire American movie making industry, not the suburb that was named “Hollywood.”

Examples of Synecdoche:

“I got a new set of wheels” usually means, “I bought a new car,” of which wheels are a part.

“Boots” can refer to “soldiers,” and “sails” to an entire ship. A specific brand of a product often comes to be used to describe a larger category.

“Coke” is sometimes used to describe all colas,

“Band-Aid” to describe any small adhesive bandage, and "Kleenex” to refer to any facial tissue. In "The Face that Launched a Thousand Ships," poet Christopher Marlowe writes, "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships, / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?" The entire Greek military is represented by a part, "a thousand ships," while "the towers" represent the entire city and culture of Troy, and Helen's "face" is a part of her body that refers to her physical beauty as a whole.

References:

http://slideplayer.com/slide/8495783/

http://classroom.synonym.com/examples-metonymy-synecdoche-22055.html

metonymy

Etymology

From the Greek, "change of name"

Another examples are :

Crown - in place of a royal person

The White House - in place of the President or others who work there

Ears - for giving attention ("Lend me your ears!" from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar)

Pen - for the written word

Sword - for military might

Silver fox - for an attractive older man

Purpose of a Metonymy

As with other literary devices, one of the main purposes of using a metonymy is to add flavor to the writing.

Using a metonymy serves a double purpose - it breaks up any awkwardness of repeating the same phrase over and over and it changes the wording to make the sentence more interesting.

Difference Between Metonymy and Synecdoche

Definition

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which something is introduced by a new name that is related to the original thing or concept.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a word or phrase that refers to a part of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa.

New Term

Metonymy uses a related name or concept.

Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa.

Examples

Metonymy examples mostly include proper nouns.

Synecdoche examples often include common nouns, especially body parts.

Reference :

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-metonymy.html

http://pediaa.com/difference-between-metonymy-and-synecdoche/

Hyperbole

An exaggeration of ideas for emphasis or effect of an overgenerous statement for amusement is called Hyperbole. Hyperbole has amusing effects created by an overstatement to induce strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken accurately. In short, Hyperbole's are exaggerations to create highlighting or effect. Hyperbole's can be used to better express an author’s intentions and meaning when used in a proper context. Often, Hyperbole is identified by trigger words such as "most," "best," or "worst."

Examples of hyperbole are:

Her brain is the size of a pea.

I could sleep for a year; I was so tired.

I am dying of shame.

My grandmother is as old as the dinosaurs.

I've told you a million times to complete daily homework’s.

I can smell death by chocolate ice cream from a mile away.

Functions of Hyperbole

Hyperbole, like other figures of speech, is used to connect ideas, thoughts, emotions, and images in a more effectual way than through plain language.

Hyperbole's can often be combined successfully with similes and metaphors to surge their effectiveness, although common phrases must not be repeatedly used to avoid being in a cliche.

Information, emotion, or statements are exaggerated intentionally for an assured effect.

The exaggeration serves to accentuate a specific point.

In prose, hyperbole is used for the purpose of importance or for humor.

To describe an action that is significant in some way.

Hyperbole can be used in descriptions to highlight some prominent features of a character.

To place emphasis on a particular act, feeling, or feature and not taken literally.

Homer’s epic poems “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey” are prime examples of the use of hyperbole in poetry.

Reference: http://english.tutorvista.com/literary-response/hyperbole.html

Another examples are:

The word “bread” can be used to represent food in general or money (e.g. he is the breadwinner; music is my bread and butter).

The word “sails” is often used to refer to a whole ship.

The phrase "hired hands" can be used to refer to workmen.

The word "head" refers to cattle.

The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle.

References:

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-synecdoche.html

http://theyuniversity.tumblr.com/post/109626548932/whats-up-with-metonymy-and-synecdoche

Acronymy and blending

Major word formation

Collocation

What is a collocation?

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:

Natural English	Unnatural English
the fast train	the quick train
fast food	quick food
a quick shower	a fast shower
a quick meal	a fast meal

Sample Collocations

There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be adjective + adverb, noun + noun, verb + noun and so on. Below you can see seven main types of collocation in sample sentences.

1. adverb + adjective

Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.

-We entered a richly decorated room.

-Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2. adjective + noun

-The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

-The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.

-He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

-Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause. -The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am. I'd like to buy two bars of soap please. -

4. noun + verb

-The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.

-Snow was falling as our plane took off.

-The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

5. verb + noun

-The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.

-I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.

-He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

-We had to return home because we had run out of money.

-At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.

-Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

-She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.

-Mary whispered softly in John's ear.

-I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

have	do	make
have a bath have a drink have a good time have a haircut have a holiday have a problem have a relationship have a rest have lunch have sympathy	do business do nothing do someone a favour do the cooking do the housework do the shopping do the washing up do your best do your hair do your homework	make a difference make a mess make a mistake make a noise make an effort make furniture make money make progress make room make trouble
take	break	catch
take a break take a chance take a look take a rest take a seat take a taxi take an exam take notes take someone's place take someone's temperature	break a habit break a leg break a promise break a record break a window break someone's heart break the ice break the law break the news to someone break the rules	catch a ball catch a bus catch a chill catch a cold catch a thief catch fire catch sight of catch someone's attention catch someone's eye catch the flu
pay	save	keep
pay a fine pay attention pay by credit card pay cash pay interest pay someone a compliment pay someone a visit pay the bill pay the price pay your respects	save electricity save energy save money save one's strength save someone a seat save someone's life save something to a disk save space save time save yourself the trouble	keep a diary keep a promise keep a secret keep an appointment keep calm keep control keep in touch keep quiet keep someone's place keep the change

 

come	go	get
come close come complete with come direct come early come first come into view come last come late come on time come prepared come right back come second come to a compromise come to a decision come to an agreement come to an end come to a standstill come to terms with come to a total of come under attack	go abroad go astray go bad go bald go bankrupt go blind go crazy go dark go deaf go fishing go mad go missing go on foot go online go out of business go overseas go quiet go sailing go to war go yellow	get a job get a shock get angry get divorced get drunk get frightened get home get lost get married get nowhere get permission get pregnant get ready get started get the impression get the message get the sack get upset get wet get worried

Miscellaneous collocations

Time	Business English	Classifiers
bang on time dead on time early 12th century free time from dawn till dusk great deal of time late 20th century make time for next few days past few weeks right on time run out of time save time spare time spend some time take your time tell someone the time time goes by time passes waste time	annual turnover bear in mind break off negotiations cease trading chair a meeting close a deal close a meeting come to the point dismiss an offer draw a conclusion draw your attention to launch a new product lay off staff go bankrupt go into partnership make a loss make a profit market forces sales figures take on staff	a ball of string a bar of chocolate a bottle of water a bunch of carrots a cube of sugar a pack of cards a pad of paper

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations-lists.htm